The History of Sao Paulo

The History of Sao Paulo So Paulo, Brazil is the biggest city in Latin America, pushing out next in line Mexico City by several million occupants. It has a long and fascinating history, including filling in as command post for the scandalous Bandeirantes. Establishment The main European pilgrim in the region was Joo Ramalho, a Portuguese mariner who had been wrecked. He was the first to investigate the territory of present-day So Paulo. In the same way as other urban communities in Brazil, So Paulo was established by Jesuit Missionaries. So Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga was set up in 1554 as a strategic believer Guains locals to Catholicism. In 1556-1557 the Jesuits manufactured the primary school in the district. The town was deliberately found, being between the sea and prolific grounds toward the west, and it is additionally on the Tietã ª River. It turned into an official city in 1711. Bandeirantes In the early long periods of So Paulo, it turned into the command post for the Bandeirantes, which were wayfarers, slave masters, and miners who investigated the inside of Brazil. In this remote corner of the Portuguese Empire, there was no law, so merciless men would investigate the unknown marshes, mountains and streams of Brazil taking anything they desired, be it local slaves, valuable metals or stones. A portion of the more heartless Bandeirantes, for example, Antonio Rapã'so Tavares (1598-1658), would even sack and consume Jesuit missions and subjugate the locals who lived there. The Bandeirantes investigated a lot of the Brazilian inside, however at a significant expense: thousands, if not a huge number of locals, were executed and oppressed in their raids.​​ Gold and Sugar Gold was found in the province of Minas Gerais toward the finish of the seventeenth century, and resulting investigations found valuable stones there also. The gold blast was felt in So Paulo, which was an entryway to Minas Gerais. A portion of the benefits were put resources into sugarcane manors, which were very gainful for a period. Espresso and Immigration Espresso was acquainted with Brazil in 1727 and has been a urgent piece of the Brazilian economy from that point onward. So Paulo was one of the principal urban communities to profit by the espresso blast, turning into an inside for espresso trade in the nineteenth century. The espresso blast pulled in So Paulo’s first significant influx of remote outsiders after 1860, for the most part poor Europeans (especially Italians, Germans, and Greeks) looking for work, despite the fact that they were before long followed by various Japanese, Arabs, Chinese, and Koreans. At the point when subjection was banned in 1888, the requirement for laborers just developed. So Paulo’s impressive Jewish people group additionally was set up around this time. When the espresso blast failed in the mid 1900s, the city had just fanned out into different enterprises. Autonomy So Paulo was significant in the Brazilian autonomy development. The Portuguese Royal Family had moved to Brazil in 1807, escaping Napoleon’s armed forces, setting up an illustrious court from which they managed Portugal (in any event hypothetically: in actuality, Portugal was governed by Napoleon) just as Brazil and other Portuguese property. The Royal family moved back to Portugal in 1821 after the annihilation of Napoleon, leaving oldest child Pedro accountable for Brazil. The Brazilians were before long infuriated by their arrival to province status, and Pedro concurred with them. On September 7, 1822, in So Paulo, he proclaimed Brazil autonomous and himself Emperor. Turn of the Century Between the espresso blast and riches originating from mines in the inside of the nation, So Paulo before long turned into the most extravagant city and territory in the country. Railways were fabricated, interfacing it to the next significant urban areas. By the turn of the century, significant ventures were making their base in So Paulo, and the foreigners continued pouring in. By at that point, So Paulo was drawing in outsiders from Europe and Asia as well as from inside Brazil too: poor, uneducated laborers from the Brazilian upper east overwhelmed into So Paulo searching for work. The 1950s So Paulo profited extraordinarily from the industrialization activities created during the organization of Juscelino Kubitschek (1956-1961). During his time, the car business developed, and it was focused in So Paulo. One of the laborers in the industrial facilities during the 1960s and 1970s was as a matter of fact Luiz Incio Lula da Silva, who might proceed to become president. So Paulo kept on developing, both as far as populace and impact. So Paulo additionally turned into the most significant city for business and trade in Brazil. So Paulo Today So Paulo has developed into a socially differing city, ground-breaking financially and strategically. It keeps on being the most significant city in Brazil for business and industry and recently has been finding itself socially and creatively too. It has consistently been on the front line of workmanship and writing and keeps on being home to numerous specialists and scholars. It is a significant city for music too, the same number of well known artists are from that point. The individuals of So Paulo are glad for their multicultural roots: the settlers who populated the city and worked in its industrial facilities are gone, yet their relatives have kept their customs thus Paulo is a differing city.

The Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Organization - Essay Example s gainfulness served to the development of the authoritative exercises around the world; at present, the firm’s locales work in Britain, Ireland and Continental Europe. In 2009 the firm’s incomes were evaluated to 447,661 (million pounds); in 2008 the incomes of the firm came to the 431, 062 (million pounds). The development of the firm has prompted its posting in ‘FTSE 250 and FTSE All Share indices’ (Stobard Group, Investors, Listing Information). A key point in the firm’s development is by all accounts its obtaining by WA Developments International (in 2004); the firm’s new proprietors presented significant changes in the firm’s culture driving the association to get one of the most impressive players in the British coordinations industry. Stobard Group is among the UK’s significant rivals in the coordinations business; the firm was first settled in 1970; today, the firm’s locales in Britain, Europe and Ireland are evaluated to 40 (corporate site, 2010); as the decades progressed, the firm’s structure has been changed being lined up with the expanded authoritative needs †the development of the firm’s destinations inside and outside Britain prompted the requirement for changes in hierarchical size and structure; the authoritative culture can be portrayed as steady; intercessions have been made meaning to build the firm’s seriousness in its industry. The firm began as a privately-owned company †in 1960; in 1970 Eddie Stobart Limited was set up heavily influenced by Eddie and Edward Stobart; it was in 2004 that the firm’s possession changed definitely; the firm was gained by WA Developments International †a firm ‘owned by Andrew Tinkler and William Stobart’ (Stobart Group, History); up today the firm is heavily influenced by A. Tinkler and W.Stobart who have presented critical changes in authoritative structure and culture †a reality that additionally decidedly influenced the firm’s position in its industry. As noted over, the firm was first settled as a

Balance of Attraction Simple Thoughts on Dating for Men and Women

Balance of Attraction Simple Thoughts on Dating for Men and Women Dating Tips  Are Often Misguided Have you ever experienced a migraine headache? A thousand years ago a doctor would treat your migraine with bloodlettingâ€"the removal of blood from a patient to cure illnessâ€"believing it would restore balance in the body. Of course bleeding won’t help your headache, but physicians swore by the practice well into the 19th century. Why did so many people support such a useless, harmful remedy? Because afterward, patients felt better. Everyone attributed the relief to blood loss, failing to understand the many thousands of variables at play. That’s sort of how dating advice works, too. Over the years Ive learned that men and women can improve their love lives with straightforward changes in habits and conversation techniques. Such growth can be achieved without sleazy pickup routines, without objectifying other people, and without any of the bloodletting of the so-called pickup-artist industry. In romance there is an elegant interplay that takes  place. I call this harmony the Balance of Attraction, which is the basis for everything I talk about when I teach men and women how to improve their dating lives. The Balance of Attraction is comprised of four components: personal investment, reciprocated investment, comfort, and tension. These ingredients are present in every romantic interaction. Personal Investment Attraction cannot happen without first investment. We tend to place value in the people, places, and things we spend time on. The goal is to insure that the person of interest is thoroughly engaged in the dialogue. The best way to garner his or her full investment is to first invest yourself. Once I was unwinding with friends at a pub when a drunken bar patron asked if we could light his cigarette. None of us smoked, but that didn’t stop him from requesting to borrow our nonexistent lighter five more times over the next few minutes. Needless to say he was a nuisance, and we didn’t want to share our time with him. Fast-forward to later that night when a jovial gentleman entered the bar offering to buy everyone a round of drinks in celebration of his new baby’s birthâ€"everyone wanted to talk with him and offer congratulations. Why? The first guy was taking value, while the second had something to offer, which encouraged us to give something back. I’m not suggesting you purchase alcohol for people at a bar. Your personal investment doesn’t require money. My favorite way to start a conversation is humor. Most people enjoy good jokes, and they usually appreciate the person telling the jokes. Maybe you’re not a natural comedian. You might try something as easy as holding a door or complimenting someone’s karaoke performance. The point is to initiate the interaction with something pleasant that encourages the POI to reciprocate. Reciprocated Investment Of course there’s more to romance than simply making sure you’re both talking enough. You need to establish rapport. Uncovering shared interests and values can achieve mutual comfort. Your commonalities give you conversation topics, and you’ll become relaxed in each other’s company. A great example of reciprocated investment is when the man or woman you like starts to talk more than you. Perhaps he or she shares stories from their youth or talks about her dedication to local volunteering. The goal is to get him or her to share themselves. Also look for instances when the person of interest asks questions about you such as, “How do you feel about dating an ambitious person?” or, “What does your boyfriend think about your art work?” Intimate questions are a strong indicator of interest. Comfort It’s impossible to create romance without first building rapport. Failing to establish comfort with your love interest is like trying to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich without the bread. It can’t be done. Comfort helps you earn trust. That trust comes in handy when you amp up the tension later. Your potential lover won’t stick around when things get tense unless they already enjoy talking with you. The best way to establish a comfortable connection is to uncover commonalities you share with the other person. Aim for niche areas of interest. Almost everyone enjoys listening to music and watching movies, so interests like that don’t help create bonds, but what if you both share an affinity for Russian literature? Clearly the latter would spark more interest. Try to find something unusual you share in common. Tension Comfort is good, but you shouldnt get too relaxed. Sexual tension is absolutely necessary for healthy romance. Intensity can be built in a number of ways, including simple actions like sustained eye contact and appropriate physical contact at opportune times. Like comfort, you don’t want your exchange to become too tense, which can happen when one person is too aggressive. All things in good time. Enjoy the journey instead of rushing to a destination. Looking for a great way to create tension and encourage someone to open up? Try saying something like, “I enjoy chatting with you, but I worry that most conversations between strangers ultimately fall into the same tired patterns. Let’s go off script. I’m curious about what makes you tic. What are you passionate about?” Diagram: Balance of Attraction Heres an illustration to clarify: As you can see, a good interaction will fall somewhere in the middle. Healthy romance typically has  equal balance from  all four components. This system is based on simplicity. You needn’t memorize scripts or buy fancy clothes to impress your potential sweetheart. Understanding these concepts will help romance form naturally. Obviously, there’s much more to fulfilling courtship than a Venn diagram, but this is a good start. Next time you’re in a potentially romantic interaction, ask yourself, “Where are we in the Balance of Attraction?” Simply being mindful of these variables will go a long way toward improving your dating life. Video: Crew Spence Explains the Balance of Attraction Crew Spence has been a dating coach since  2006, specializing  in helping men and woman take a healthy, balanced approach toward meaningful dating. He  lives in Austin, Texas, with his girlfriend, Kate, and their  dog, Alfie. Learn more about  Crew at his  about page.

Will the 17-Year Cicadas Damage My Trees

Periodical cicadas, sometimes called 17-year locusts, emerge from the ground by the thousands every 13 or 17 years. The cicada nymphs cover trees, shrubs, and other plants, and then molt into adulthood. Adult males congregate in loud choruses, and fly together in search of females. Homeowners may be concerned about damage to their landscapes or gardens. Periodical cicada nymphs feed underground on tree roots, but will not cause significant damage to your landscape trees. In fact, the cicada nymphs help aerate the soil, and bring nutrients and nitrogen to the surface, benefiting plants. Once the nymphs emerge, they spend a few days on trees and shrubs, allowing their new adult exoskeletons to harden and darken. During this time, they do not feed and will not damage your trees. Adult cicadas exist for one reason – to mate. Egg laying by mated females does damage trees. The female cicada excavates a channel in small twigs or branches (those around the diameter of a pen). She oviposits her eggs in the slit, effectively splitting the branch open. The ends of affected branches will brown and wilt, a symptom called flagging. On mature, healthy trees, even this cicada activity should not concern you. Large, established trees can withstand the loss of branch ends, and will recover from the onslaught of cicadas. Young trees, particularly ornamental fruit trees, do require some protection. Because most of its branches are still small enough to attract female cicadas intent on laying eggs, a young tree may lose most or all of its branches. In very young trees with trunks under 1 1/2 diameter, even the trunk may be excavated by a mated female. So how do you keep your new landscape trees safe from cicada damage? If periodical cicadas are due to emerge in your area, you should place netting over any young trees. Use netting with openings less than one half inch wide, or cicadas will be able to crawl through it. Drape the netting over the entire tree canopy, and secure it to the trunk so no cicadas can crawl under the opening. Your netting will need to be in place before the cicadas emerge; remove it once all the cicadas are gone. If you are planning to plant a new tree in a year when cicadas are due to emerge in your area, wait until the fall. The tree will have 17 years to grow and establish itself before the next generation arrives.

What is the Purpose of Education - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 894 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Education Essay Level High school Tags: Philosophy Of Education Essay Did you like this example? I believe the purpose of education is that all people have the opportunity to learn. Education will unlock the mind of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Education will cause children to unlock knowledge and become boys and girls that will turn out to be men and women in society who can function successfully in society. Who should receive an education? Everyone born into this world should receive an education. Everyone learn different so no matter what it takes, everyone should be given the right to an education. I believe that all children are different therefore each children is unique in his or her own way. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is the Purpose of Education?" essay for you Create order How should the learning environment be structured, both physically and emotionally? The learning environment should first of all be safe and hazard free. It should be a warm loving environment that make anyone feel safe and welcome. The environment should nurture a childs emotions so that the child will be able to adjust and open up to their environment which will promote that child to adapt to a learning environment. What are your responsibilities and obligations as an educator of young children or youth? My responsibilities as an educator is to make sure all children are treating fairly. I must make sure children have a safe place to learn and develop in every area of life. Each child must feel safe and happy while making learning fun and exciting. As, an early childhood educator, it is my responsibility to promote learning through play. I must also encourage independence and creativity. The educator must stimulate intellectual curiosity and understand the world around them. Every educator must understand that each child is different and they all learn on different levels. Each child is different, so teaching should be different. What roles do the parents, school administrators, and community at large play in education? Parents play a large play in the life of their child. Their parent is their first role model. Parents should model a good attitude about learning and that will inspire their child to be positive about their educational journey. A childs first learning starts with the parent. Children begin to learn from the time they are conceived in the womb of the mother. Parents begin to read to their child and let the child listen to music. Mothers even talk to the child in the womb. The parents and the community should make sure children have a safe learning environment. Community is a casual and energetic agency of education. It is defined as a group of families settled together in a particular area with more or less common practices, ideals, ideas, values and culture. There are different agencies that support the community such as: museums, art galleries, libraries, music drama centers, recreation centers, religious and secular institution. The administrator works with the staff to make sure everyone is collaborating and working toward the same common goals and opportunities. The administrator come up with a team to support the childs goals. The administrator play a vital role in planning the curriculum, standard testing, goals, timelines, budgets, and state regulations. Most administrators learn strategies how to relate to all children background. How should educators teach children and youth? Every educator must understand that each child is different and they all learn on different levels. Each child is different, so teaching should be different. The educator should provide goals with the children abilities in mind and include physical and intellectual accomplishments. Children should be introduced to art, music, pre-math, social-self, pre-reading and kindergarten readiness activities as the child shows interest. The educator should keep the child motivated about learning. What should educators teach children and youth? Educator should teach developmentally appropriate activities that change with the age and experience of the learner. The teacher should take in account of the childs cultural background. Teachers may have to come up with different strategies as to how to teach a child. A formal curriculum should be planned program of objectives, contents, learning experiences, resources and assessments offered by a school. Informal curriculum is not planned, its randomly done. Extra Curriculum Fall outside of the normal curriculum Each one of these curriculums play a vital part in the education of a child. I believe a curriculum should always be in place. The curriculum help the educator to stay focused on what they are teaching the children. It helps to track the childs progress. It will help to determine a childs weaknesses and strengthens. I believe sometimes an educator has to stray away from the curriculum or use another learning tool to help the child to learn the curriculum. I think that the educator should do what is necessary to promote the child in learning. I plan to help each child grow to their full potential in learning and at the same time making learning fun and exciting. What do you value? Should educators teach these (or any other) values? As an early childhood educator, we have an incredible opportunity and power to make a difference in the lives of our students. I value my students present and future education. During the first three years of a childs life, essential brain and neural development occurs. Therefore, children greatly benefit by receiving education before kindergarten. This is a key value that every educator should focus on because our job as an early childhood professional is extremely important.

Syllabus Risk Free Essays

BADM 574 – MSTM Simulation and Risk Analysis Spring 2013 Lectures: ADV: TR 9:30 am – 10:50 am in 2043 BIF GRD: TR 11:00 am – 12:20 pm in 2043 BIF Final Exam: 7-10 pm, Tuesday May 7, 2013 ADV: 2041 BIF GRD: 2043 BIF Instructor: H. Dharma Kwon, Assistant Professor of Business Administration, College of Business, University of Illinois Of? ce: Email: Phone: Of? ce Hours: 365 Wohlers Hall dhkwon@illinois. edu 217-333-3522 Tuesdays 2 – 4 pm or by appointment Note: When you send email to the instructor, your subject line must contain the course title. We will write a custom essay sample on Syllabus Risk or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the of? ce hours, you can call my of? ce. Course Objectives: This course is about using numbers to make better decisions. The focus will be on â€Å"handson† use of quantitative tools for solution of management problems often involving risk and uncertainty. Speci? c course objectives: (1) Introduce you to practical yet sophisticated tools suitable for modeling and solving complex managerial problems with risky outcomes, and (2) improve 1 your skill and experience with the use of spreadsheet tools for analysis of management decision problems. We will learn to mathematically model business decision problems and apply their analytical skills to realistic business contexts. The material covered is useful for executives in all professional areas of business, including but not limited to accounting, ? nance, marketing, information systems, operations management or any other area where it is important to combine quantitative analysis with expert intuitive judgment. Prerequisite: This course builds upon some rudimentary knowledge of mathematics (probability and statistics) and basic pro? ciency with Microsoft Excel. Required Materials: 1. To purchase the required electronic course pack, go to https://create. mcgraw-hill. com/shop/ and search for the following ISBN number: 1121833926. The course pack contains all required cases and some readings. 2. TreePlan, RiskSim, and SensIt (provided by the MSTM program and downloadable from Compass 2g course website) 3. A laptop and Microsoft Excel 2010 (for Windows) or 2011 (for Mac) installed in your laptop Evaluation Methods: There are four components to the evaluation: Case Summary: Minicase Analysis: Group Project: Final Exam: Cases Summary: Roughly every week, individual case summary assignment(s) are due. We will discuss cases in class, so it is important to read and understand the problems posed by the cases before coming to the classroom. The summary of each case must not exceed one page, and it must be submitted on-line via Compass. (PDF format is strongly preferred). It will be graded on a pass/fail basis. In order to pass a case summary assignment, you must show suf? cient evidence that you have read the case and understood the gist of it. 2 10% 30% 15% 45% Minicase Analysis: Minicase analyses (problem sets) will be assigned roughly once a week and graded. The minicases are designed to help you learn the mechanics of the methods covered in class and to give you an opportunity to apply the concepts in simple and illustrative contexts. Please note that minicase assignments require careful interpretation and analysis of the given problems. Points will be deducted if you misinterpret the information given in the case assignments. Discuss your assumptions and clearly explain your quantitative reasoning. Answers (even correct answers) without logical and quantitative reasoning will not receive credit. Minicase analysis assignments will be posted on Compass. This is sometimes an individual assignment but sometimes a team assignment. Late assignments are generally not accepted. Group Project: In the last week of the course, each team will submit an original minicase. The minicase should be based on a real business situation (in the past, in the present, or in the future) and must be analyzed using one or more of the methods or concepts discussed in this course. If you’d like, you can also add other methodology that is not discussed in class. Each case must consist of two parts. In part 1, a business decision problem must be presented with essential information. It can be a ? ctional situation, but it must be based on a real business situation. Part 1 might look like one of the short cases that we analyze in this course and the text (excluding exhibits) must not exceed 5 pages typed ingle-spaced in 12 pt font. (See Darden’s cases for the document format). In part 2, the solution to the problem posed in part 1 must be given. When you construct the minicase, you should have pedagogical values in mind, i. e. , think of writing a teaching case or an open-book exam for future MSTM students at the University of Illinois. Your submitted wor k will be evaluated based on how well the decision analytical framework is utilized to solve a given (hopefully non-trivial) problem (50%) and its pedagogical value or the practicality of the problem (50%). Final Exam: There will be an in-class 3-hour-long open-book, open-notes, and open-laptops ? nal exam. You are NOT allowed to share your laptops with other students or send/receive emails during the ? nal exam. If you miss the ? nal exam without prior discussions with the instructor or without university-authorized emergencies, then you will receive zero credit. 3 Practice Problem Sets: Practice problem sets and their solution keys will be regularly posted on Compass. They are designed to help you understand the material and to provide practice using various concepts and techniques discussed in class. These assignments will not be collected or graded. However, these problem sets will be helpful for the quiz and the ? nal exam. Some practice problems will be discussed as examples in class. Grades: The ? nal letter grade will be based upon each individual’s level of understanding and learning evidenced by the weighted cumulative points from all four components shown in Evaluation Methods. Laptop and Electronic Communications Policy: You are required to bring your laptop to each class; you will have to use your laptop to download ? es and participate in problem-solving activities in class. You are not allowed to check e-mail or send text messages using your cell phone or laptop. Set your cell phone to silent mode. Academic Integrity and Honor Code: You are expected to behave ethically throughout the term and follow the norms and guidelines outlined by the University on academic integrity. 4 Course Modules: Module 1 Topic Reading Cases Module 2 Topic Reading Cases Module 3 Topi c Reading Cases Module 4 Topic Reading Cases Module 5 Topic Reading Cases Module 6 Topic Reading Cases Module 7 Topic Reading Cases Value of Information and Control Risk Management Harimann International Optional module (if time permitted) Downstream Decisions – Merck Co. ; International Guidance Control Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis Using SensIt CyberLab (A), Supp, (B); Liquid Gold Probability Assessment from Historical Data Probability Distributions Commerce Tavern Simulation Analysis Monte Carlo Simulation Using RiskSim George’s Revised Forecast and Addendum Sampling and Statistical Inference – Jade Shampoo (A) and (B) Decisions under Uncertainty DTP Ch. George’s T-Shirts DTP: Decision Tree Primer (http://www. public. asu. edu/~kirkwood/DAStuff/decisiontrees/index. html) Monte Carlo Simulation Using RiskSim (http://www. treeplan. com/chapters/RiskSim-Guide243. pdf) Sensitivity Analysis Using SensIt (http://www. treeplan. com/chapters/SensIt-Guide-145. pdf) 5 How to cite Syllabus Risk, Papers

Airlines Limited Service Excellence †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Airlines Limited for Service Excellence. Answer: Introduction: One of the most reputed companies situated in Singapore is Singapore Airlines (SIA) who has gained significance for superior quality customer service and well built strategic management. By incorporating Malayan Airlines with Imperial Airways, Ocean Steamship Company in Liverpool and Straits Steamship Company, SIA was formed in the year 1937(Singapore Airlines, 2017). Since then SIA had been able to consider its available resources and gained competitive advantage over its competitors. With technical support of IATA and British Commonwealth Airlines, SIA was able to expand its business. Douglas DC-3s was introduced in companys fleet in the year 1957 after which the company became public and was given the name Malayan Airlines in year 1957. Singapore, Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah formed a federation in the year 1963 after that the company was renamed as Malaysian Airlines. Then in the year 1966, the company was finally given the name of Singapore Airlines after Singapore got detached fro m the federation(Sustainability Report FY2015/16, 2016). Then after, SIA made its headquarters in Singapore. The PESTLE analysis made of SIA will help in getting detailed information regarding companys external factors which are indirectly related to the firm. The threats and opportunities relating external factors will be analysed while evaluating opportunities behind it(Frue, 2017). Political: Politics factor has always been in favour of the company as the carrier of the company carries nations logo, governmental support is always with SIA. The threat here is instability in countries government may affect SIAs business as the flight takeoffs may have to undergo several legal verifications and suspiciousness of securities. The cost of operations has chances of increment with reduced number of passengers in politically affected areas(Pestel and Five Forces analysis of Singapore Airline, 2015). Economic: Economically Airline industries have to face barriers as their operations are related to many countries economies. The most important factor that affects the company is fuel prices i.e. if the economic conditions of countries leverages fuel prices, companys overall pricing strategy will be hampered. Also if economies goes down, it may directly hit the sales of the company as people then prefer not to make longer journeys for tourism purposes. Although SIA uses best pricing strategy, any steep change made in countries GDP are always a threat for the company. Social: Travel and tourism companies have to face many challenges socially as their operations are not limited to one country only. While travelling in countries, different language as well as different cultures has to be faced by companys employees. SIA here faces threats as most of the companys staff is not known to many languages and to face people from different countries becomes quite challenging. The flight attendants are required to understand the demands and problems of passengers and if it is not met, they might face trouble in flight. Technological: Technological factors are immensely substantial in industries where top marketers are involved. People who travel in high class section of flights demand for superior interiors and more comfortable journeys. Thus, in order to provide with high class journey with comfortable environment, airline industries are bound to spend huge amount for technological innovations and make their in flight support more securable. While considering about SIA, it holds youngest form of fleets i.e. latest and newer technologically enabled aircrafts can be found in its collection. The company is still working on its improvements by introducing recliners, headsets, entertaining gadgets and cosy beds which get easily attracted by customers. SIA official websites provides customers with an insight to what they demand and in different budgets(Jurevicius, 2013). Legal: Legally, the government regulations and country laws have always affected airline industries operation. In order to make travelling to other countries, especially while making travel to newer country, SIA has to undergo many paper works and abide by country laws. Different countries follow dissimilar laws and to maintain them becomes quite challenging. Therefore in order to sustain the market, SIA is highly depended on legal and governmental support. Environmental: Climatically airline industries are more prone to disturbances created due to bad weather. The climatic disruptions in countries it deals in like flood, earthquake, drought, etc. can make cancellations of flights. Travelling gets reduced in affected areas which might affect commercial aspects. The increasing contemplation in corporate social responsibility by todays industries has impacted SIA. The company here lacks some reputation as the company has been seen slow in responding and enabling suitable CSR. More customers demands for environmental friendly travelling which has become major concern for big companies(Together We Grow: Environmental Report, 2011). Five force analyses is one of those management tools that helps to identify the external forces of companies which can be further evaluated to bring enhancement in operations. In Singapore Airlines, Five force analyses has been made that may assist its management to evaluate future opportunities and threats that comes in the way of companys future growth path(Chan, 2011). Threats of new entrants: This force relates to scope of entrances made by new competitors in present market. Since SIA has got great prominence in airline industry in Singapore, this force seems weaker. The extensive governmental support and good quality service providing feature makes other entrants difficult to beat SIA. Public support is also gained by company as it is nation supported organisation while having a logo with countries flag itself. One another reason that adds difficulty for new entrant is that the government does not want to add many flights which can create clogging of airports and atmosphere as it may increase air congestion level which impacts global warming. Singapore basically deals in long travelling and thus threat relating long haul is weak. But new entrants that targets short distances travelling can succeed in entering present market(Roll, 2017). Bargaining power of customers: This force in which customers bargaining power is measured seems stronger for SIA. In Asian regions many airline industries are present that provides superior services along with few of them who provides cheaper rates. The increasing awareness of internet and social medias sites have also affected the companys sales as people makes comparisons between available companies before making decision regarding their journey. Lesser to no switching cost also drives customers to change their service operators within no time. Bargaining power of suppliers: This is also a strong force for SIA as airline industries are highly depended on fuel and manufacturing companies. According to Potter, the business seems to have weak position if suppliers bargaining power is high. SIA has to make oil purchases from its suppliers under their conditions and if any hike is seen, the companys profits are affected. SIA purchases its major aircrafts like Boeing and Airbus from other manufacturers. They seem to supply aircrafts along with its parts in higher prices since there is limited number of suppliers. Also after sale services provided by them are very expensive that shows that SIA has threat from its suppliers(GALLEZO-ESTAURA, 2016). Competitive rivalries: Presence of enough competitors, who provides much elevated service to travellers, has always been threat for SIA. The only strategy that saves company here is improvement in service standards and introduction of cost cutting in prices. In few routes like Kangaroo route, SIA has a monopoly which gives tough competition to its competitors along with providing services in those areas which has got more legal complexities(Sustainability Report FY2015/16, 2016). Threat of substitute: Potter has defined this factor as an extent of threat under which any new product is replaced by other companys products. For SIA, governmental support has enabled the company to get easy permissions for connecting with different countries in far distances. However shorter distance travelling has been a matter of concern. For travellers other substitutes like railways and luxury busses have been a good option where price factor is examined. Recomendations SIA has got all the capabilities to rule airline industry, although there are few areas that can be improved to enhance its operations. Firstly SIA needs to work on its CSR strategies that are presently seen negligible in companys management(Bice). If the company shows increase in respect towards environmental safety, it may gain advantage over its customers as well as government. Secondly, the company can introduce various discount schemes or reward systems to attract its customers so that switching of industry from customer side is eliminated. Adding on points while purchasing tickets and thereafter giving rewards may keep SIA customers attached with the company. Thirdly, the company needs to work on its staff training and recruitment. Since the company lacks efficiency in its staffs cultural diversifications, SIA can introduce training programmes where different languages and education about cultures may be provided(Sustainability Report FY2015/16, 2016). This may help them to con vey easily with passengers and also be liked by customers while speaking to them in their languages. The fourth recommendation for SIA will be to diversify its business into manufacturing units. Since the company has to face threats from its suppliers, SIA can establish its own manufacturing units as well as service teams that will also help in reducing companies costs. Conclusion After making analyses of SIA it can be said that the company holds a strong position in airline industry(Southerden, 2017). The strategic management of the company has enabled SIA to give high returns to its stakeholders while enhancing travel and tourism industry. The company provides additional services to its customers by making recommendations for hotel and destination booking while arranging convenience for them(AYOB). SIA has always shown its advancement in procuring latest technology methods and newer fleet of aircrafts which have always attracted its customers. The only part where the company can make improvement is to introduce environmental security as well as in flight support which can ensure further growth of the company in positive direction. On concluding note it can be said that SIAs mission to provide superior service to its customers has been seen in its operations. References AYOB, A. M. (n.d.). SINGAPORE AIRLINES LIMITED: BUILDING A CULTURE OF SERVICE EXCELLENCE . Retrieved from https://mahdzan.com/papers/sia/singapore_airlines.pdf Bice, S. (n.d.). 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